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While traditionally used in animal breeding ( Lynch and Walsh 1998), in a broader research context, genetic correlations contribute to understanding the development and pathways of traits, population-level gene flow, and the co-occurrences of traits ( Via and Hawthorne 2005). When two traits are highly genetically correlated, the genes that contribute to the traits are usually co-inherited ( Lynch and Walsh 1998). GENETIC correlations are a measure of genetic factors shared between two traits. This finding is of specific interest in anthropological studies, which use measured phenotypic correlations to make inferences about the genetics of ancient human populations. The results of this study support the existence of a relationship between genetic and phenotypic correlations in humans. Designating the selected traits as morphological or nonmorphological indicated little difference in correlation. Strong and significant correlations were found for the between-dataset comparison, suggesting that the genetic correlations from one independent sample were able to predict the phenotypic correlations from another independent sample within the same population. Genetic correlations were calculated using linkage disequilibrium score regression applied to the genome-wide association summary statistics of pairs of traits, and compared within and across datasets. Seventeen traits were selected based on sample size, distribution, and heritability. A sample of 108,035 British European individuals from the UK Biobank was split equally into discovery and replication datasets. Here, we investigate the conjecture in human populations, an analysis made possible by recent developments in availability of human genomic data and computing resources. Empirical evidence of the conjecture has been found across plant and animal species, with results suggesting that there is indeed a robust relationship between the two.

CheverudвЂ™s conjecture asserts that the use of phenotypic correlations as proxies for genetic correlations is appropriate. Accordingly, phenotypic correlations are often assumed to reflect genotypic correlations in evolutionary biology.

Accurate estimation of genetic correlation requires large sample sizes and access to genetically informative data, which are not always available.

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